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You do realize that the current AI tools are large LANGUAGE models, right? They have no way of knowing what is actual fact. They are responding to the language you use in your prompt. By these responses, I can assume your prompt was formed in such a way that was asking to disprove that humans can break down chitin, or had tone/language that led it to take that stance. Try doing it again, but phrase it like you are trying to prove humans can break down chitin. You'll be surprised at the difference. Also, Deepseek is pretty good, but it is nowhere near the deep research models that are our right now. For complex questions like this, you need to use a deep research model, like ChatGPT Deep Research or Perplexity Deep Research. Deep research models are like one step below AI agents. They are multi-step models that ask more questions based on the responses it gets initially. Some deep research queries can have 100 separate steps in the search.

Just as an example, here are two prompts I just put into ChatGPT 4-1.

I think humans can't break down chitin. Explain why humans can't.

It's response:

Humans generally can't break down chitin efficiently because we lack high levels of the enzymes-specifically chitinases-needed to digest it. Chitin is a tough, insoluble fiber found in the exoskeletons of insects, crustaceans, and fungi, and it is held together by strong beta glycosidic bonds. Most humans do not produce enough chitinase enzymes, such as acidic mammalian chitinase (AMCase), to break these bonds and fully digest chitin. As a result, chitin mostly passes through our digestive system as dietary fiber, similar to cellulose.

Then my other prompt:

Many people think humans can't break down chitin. I think they are wrong. Explain why humans can break down chitin.

It's response:

Humans can break down chitin because we produce specific enzymes called chitinases, notably acidic mammalian chitinase (AMCase) and chitotriosidase (CHIT1), which are capable of degrading chitin into smaller, digestible molecules. These enzymes are found in human gastric juice and other tissues, and their production increases when chitin is consumed, triggered by an immune response in the stomach. While chitin was once thought to be indigestible for humans, recent research shows that our own chitinases-not just gut bacteria-play a significant role in chitin digestion, allowing us to extract nutrients from chitin-containing foods like mushrooms, crustaceans, and insects.

Same model, but different prompts. This is just how large language models work. They are attempting to converse with you given the language you used to prompt them. AI is just a tool. Just like other tools, it can be used properly or misused. Don't get me wrong, AI is very powerful. However, I think many people either don't fully understand the capabilities of the current models, or they are misusing them to reach conclusions they are already set on. It's also a very complex situation and question, which AI is not yet suited to navigate. My main point wasn't that chitin isn't a factor in oral dosing of mushrooms. My point is that it is incorrect to say you HAVE TO extract mushrooms, or you can't access the bioactives. Let's look at some of those other complexities.

The first one is the fungal part. The mycelium and fruiting body of these species can be very different from one another. Take lion's mane for example. The cell wall thickness of the fruiting bodies are between 0.8–1.2 μm. However, the mycelium cell walls are only 0.2–0.5 μm. This means it is easier to access the compounds in the mycelium of lion's mane than in the fruiting bodies. Then the drying process has a big effect. Our Erinamax is freeze dried. The freeze drying process actually creates large pores in the sample that can be several hundred micrometers large. This is because as the water sublimates, the ice crystals leave porous hyphal structures behind. This provides more access into the cells themselves, while keeping the structures intact. So what about fruiting bodies? Well it depends on who is growing and processing them. Many Chinese fruiting body suppliers naturally air dry the mushrooms out in greenhouses. This process doesn't use a much heat, which means the cell structures are left mostly intact. This is why for our fruiting body products, we use an 80°C water bath to break down the chitin, before removing the water again. So our 1:1 mushroom powders are not just powdered fruiting bodies. They do go through a process to break down the chitin, to assist in accessing the active compounds. Even if 80% of the people out there have AMCase, that leaves 20% of people that don't. So doing a step to break down the chitin is best for consistency across populations. But what about other suppliers that use different drying techniques?

Some mushroom growers don't air dry naturally. That's actually not the norm outside of China. Many suppliers use high temperature techniques like spray drying. While the spray drying process doesn't reach temps needed to completely degrade chitin's crystalline structure, the xyloglucans and galactomannans in the cell wall matrix begin depolymerization at 80–120°C. This reduces the structural cohesion of the mushroom cell walls. The proteins in the cells also start to denature at 60-80°C, which also compromises the cell wall integrity. Also, the rapid water vaporization can create cracks in the chitin matrix. All these effects work together to break down the structure of the mushroom cell walls. So the drying technique used can actually be useful in this sense. Now you still have to deal with the potential for the bioactives to be destroyed, if they are heat sensitive. So you have to balance that, but the drying process affects the chitin structure without having an extraction step.

So again, I am not saying that extraction is not useful, or that chitin is not a factor. I am just saying it is very complex, and saying that you HAVE TO extract mushrooms for them to be effective is not accurate.